What is ethical storytelling in
the storytelling boom?

Telling stories about real people — narrated by organizations — without causing harm.

The storytelling boom generated an explosion of storytelling — in the media, on social media, about ourselves, about others — followed quickly by concerns about the impact of flooding our lives with stories. What happens when everything we say — we say in story-form?

What happens when everyone has to tell a story?

One thing that happens is communications professionals have to produce stories for the organizations they work for, establishing organizational storytelling — and in particular impact storytelling — as essential work for communicators.

The focus on impact storytelling — telling personal stories about real people to describe the impact of an organization’s work — and the flood of impact stories that followed, raised more specific concerns:

  • What happens when someone’s story of need — and sometimes trauma — is told publicly?

  • What happens when a nonprofits receives more donations if it tells more affecting stories?

  • What happens when audiences are bombarded with impact stories from nonprofits in fundraising drives?

These questions have generated conversations and research about “ethical storytelling” that raise questions about different parts of storytelling practice in the storytelling boom:

  • The type of harm or area of concern e.g. exploitation or privacy violation

  • Who is at risk of harm e.g. the person the story is about, or the audience etc.

  • The area of storytelling that could cause harm e.g. the story itself, the telling of the story or its production.

Ethical Issues

Who might be impacted?

Source of impact

Does the production of the story cause harm?

Was the story produced in a way that protected the privacy of real people? Did they consent to participating in the story, and did they control the way they were represented? Did their relationship with the organization narrating the story influence their choices?

Further reading: Voice of Witness’ Ethical Storytelling Principles

Does the text of the story cause harm?

Does the story use language that reinforces negative stereotypes? Does the story’s meaning support social good? This area focuses on the text and meaning of the story, and whether it has been constructed in a way that supports social good. Tension exists between critique and practice, particularly on the topic of ethical storytelling. Little has been published about this tension.

Further reading: Better Conversations about Ethical Storytelling

Privacy + Consent

Everyone has the right to privacy. How should practitioners address privacy and consent when communicating about the impact of their work?
Further reading: For Clinicians Who Write Essays About Patients: Conceptual Review of Consent and Ethical Considerations

Organizational benefit

When there is an objective — and often financial — benefit to organizations that produce affecting impact stories, how does the story adhere to a true representation rather than a more affective version?

Does the telling of the story cause harm?

Is the story being used as a tool of manipulation? Will the public telling of the story impact the agency of the real people who it is about? Will the told story shape the identify of real people negatively?

Further reading: Personal Storytelling in Professionalized Social Movements


Real people in the story

A public story about a real person can affect their private life in ways they don’t want — and can’t control.
Further reading: Curated Stories: The Uses and Misuses of Storytelling

Audience

Telling stories to communicate human impact raises concerns about emotional manipulation of the audience.
Further reading: Storytelling: Bewitching the Modern Mind

Society

Whose stories are told and whose are not?
Further reading: Harnessing Narrative Persuasion for Good.

Communications professionals

Being exposed to the aversive details of traumatic events — such as a communications professional or journalist might — can cause Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), which is included in the definition of PTSD.
Further reading: A model for secondary traumatic stress following workplace exposure to traumatic material in analytical staff


Personal identity

How is someone’s personal identity affected by a story told about them publicly, perhaps revealing some of the most difficult and/or traumatic times of their life?

Exploitation

The inherent power imbalance between an organization and someone who was impacted by its work creates the risk of exploitation — intentional or otherwise.

Research + Criticism

Harnessing Narrative Persuasion for Good
Cheyfitz, Kirk, 2023.

Curated Stories: The Uses and Misuses of Storytelling
Fernandes, Sujatha, 2017.

Small Stories in Charity Fundraising Letters
MacRae, Andrea, 2022.

Dangers of Narrative: A Critical Approach to Narratives of Personal Experience in Contemporary Story Economy
Mäkelä, Maria, Samuli Björninen, Laura Karttunen, Matias Nurminen, Juha Raipola, Tytti Rantanen, 2021.

Critical Approaches to the Storytelling Boom
Mäkelä, Maria and Hanna Meretoja, 2022.